Hort 425: Example of Citing References within your Writing

This example shows one way to use citations within your text.  It demonstrates how all ideas that come from other sources are given credit.
This example is taken from:
    Lohr, V.I. and C.H. Pearson-Mims. 1996.  Particulate matter accumulation on horizontal surfaces in interiors: Influence of foliage plants. Atmospheric Environment 30(14):2565-2568.

INTRODUCTION

The characteristics of indoor air can be altered by the presence of interior plants. Plants effectively reduce levels of carbon dioxide, with some species reducing concentrations during the day and others reducing levels at night (Raza et al., 1991). Plants increase indoor relative humidity by releasing moisture into the air, which may increase the comfort level for humans, especially in heated interior spaces (Lohr, 1992). In addition, some interior plants, along with their associated microflora, appear to reduce levels of several noxious gases, including formaldehyde and nitrogen dioxide, from contaminated air (Wolverton et al., 1984; Wolverton et al., 1985; Wolverton et al., 1989). These effects of plants generally serve to improve the quality of the indoor air. Plants may also reduce air quality, particularly through the production of pollens and spores which become airborne (Burge et al., 1982; Owen et al., 1992). Other relationships between interior plants and indoor air quality have largely been unexplored.

Numerous studies have examined the ability of outdoor vegetation, particularly trees, to trap various airborne particles, including radioactive trace elements, pollen, spores, salt, and precipitation (Zulfacar, 1975; Smith and Staskawicz, 1977; Smith, 1990; McPherson and Nowak, 1993). Research has shown that atmospheric dust over wooded areas can be 75% lower than over relatively non-vegetated, populated areas (Rotschke, 1937). Vegetation acts as a natural filter, causing particles to be deposited on the vegetative surface through sedimentation, impaction, or precipitation. Trees in urban areas have been shown to collect dust on their leaf surfaces and trichomes, and even on fungal mycelium growing on them (Smith and Staskawicz, 1977).
 

REFERENCES

Burge H. A., Solomon W. R. and Muilenberg M. L.  (1982)  Evaluation of indoor plantings as allergen exposure sources.  J. Allergy Clin. Immunol. 70, 101-108.

Lohr V. I.  (1992)  The contribution of interior plants to relative humidity in an office.  In The Role of Horticulture in Human Well-being and Social Development  (edited by Relf D.), pp. 117-119. Timber Press, Portland, OR.

McPherson E. G. and Nowak D. J.  (1993)  Value of urban greenspace for air quality improvement:  Lincoln Park, Chicago.  Arborist News 2(6), 30-32.

Owen M. K., Ensor D. S. and Sparks L. E.  (1992)  Airborne particle sizes and sources found in indoor air.  Atmospheric Environment 26A, 2149-2162.

Raza S. H., Shylaja G., Murthy M. S. R. and Bhagyalakshmi O.  (1991) The contribution of plants for CO2 removal from indoor air.  Environment International 17, 343-347.

Rotschke M.  (1937)  Untersuchungen uber die meteorologieder staub atmosphare.  Veroff. Geoph. I. Leipzig 11, 1-78. Reported in Geiger R.  (1965)  The Climate Near the Ground, p. 367.  Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.

Smith W. H.  (1990)  Air Pollution and Forests:  Interactions Between Air Contaminants and Forest Ecosystems, 2 ed., pp. 147-180. Springer-Verlag, New York.

Smith W. H. and Staskawicz B. J.  (1977)  Removal of atmospheric particles by leaves and twigs of urban trees:  Some preliminary observations and assessment of research needs.  Environmental Management 1, 317-330.

Wolverton B. C., Johnson A. and Bounds K.  (1989)  Interior Landscape Plants for Indoor Air Pollution Abatement.  National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Stennis Space Center, MS.

Wolverton B. C., McDonald R. C. and Mesick H. H.  (1985) Foliage plants for indoor removal of the primary combustion gases carbon monoxide and nitrogen dioxide.  J. of the Mississippi Academy of Sciences 30, 1-8.

Wolverton B. C., McDonald R. C. and Watkins E. A.  (1984) Foliage plants for removing indoor air pollutants from energy-efficient homes. Economic Botany 38, 224-228.

Zulfacar A.  (1975)  Vegetation and urban environment. J. of the Urban Planning and Development Division, Proceedings of the Amer. Soc. of Civil Engineers 101, 21-33.

Dr. Virginia Lohr
Department of Horticulture and Landscape Architecture
Washington State University
Pullman, Washington 99164-6414 U.S.A.
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